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Luke Henderson

IRONMAN® Cairns

12th June, 2022
Australia
Cairns, Queensland
8th, M35-39
Triathlon, Full distance - 226.2km
25°C
, Hot
9hrs 25mins
more race details

Luke's headline numbers

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?
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~60
g
Carb per hour
Recommended 90g/h+
~1,039
ml
Fluid per hour
Recommended 1,000-1,500ml/h
~2,632
mg
Sodium per litre
Recommended 1900-2300mg/L
~12.3
mg
Caffeine per kg
Recommended 3-6mg/kg

Luke's strategy

Fueling

Carbohydrate is the main fuel you burn when racing. Failing to fuel properly is a leading cause of underperformance in longer races.

Carb-rich meal
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T - 1-4hrs: Ate a carb rich meal (Low in fat & fibre)
Didn't pre-fuel
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Luke would benefit from taking in a final dose of carb <30 minutes before
Carb per hour
Recommended 90g/h+
~60
g
Luke's Energy Rating
8
/10
"My energy levels felt pretty good throughout. I think my struggles on the run were largely a result of my hydration strategy."
Our thoughts

As we suggested after his previous two races in Western Australia and Melbourne, Luke could further optimise his pre-racing fueling by including more carbohydrate in the form of fructose (e.g. honey, PF Carb Only Drink Mix) alongside his glucose-based drink mix. Additionally, consuming a final dose of carbs before the swim could help to top up his liver glycogen stores, and increase early carbohydrate availability to delay the depletion of glycogen. During the race, Luke relied on 16 gels to sustain his energy levels, but averaged a lower carb intake than at IRONMAN® Western Australia the year prior. This reduction predominantly came on the bike (~17g less carb per hour), so next time out Luke should look to push back up towards the 90g/h carb recommendation to better support his performance on both the bike and later in the race.

Hydration

Taking on board an appropriate amount of fluid and sodium is essential to maintaining blood volume and supporting the cardiovascular effort needed to perform on race day.

Whilst the absolute amount of sodium and fluid consumed per hour is important, it’s critical to consider these in relation to each other. This is known as 'relative sodium concentration' and it’s expressed in milligrams per litre (mg/L). How much sodium you’re taking in per litre of fluid is more important than the absolute amount taken in per hour.

Luke2129mg/L
Luke has been Sweat Tested to dial in his hydration plan

Sweat sodium concentration (mg/L) is largely genetically determined and remains relatively stable. Knowing how salty your sweat is enables you to replace a good proportion of your sweat losses, which can range from 200-2,000mg/L.

Given Luke’s losses are Very High (2,129mg/L), nailing his hydration strategy becomes especially crucial when it’s hot and/or humid.

Learn more
Pre-loaded electrolytes
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T - 60mins: Drank ~500ml of strong electrolyte drink
Fluid per hour
Recommended 1,000-1,500ml/h
~1,039
ml
Sodium per litre
Recommended 1900-2300mg/L
~2,632
mg
Luke's Hydration Rating
6
/10
"I was not feeling great at the end of the run, and I started to get a tingling sensation in my hands, face and upper body, which I think may be linked to my hydration as I didn’t monitor it closely during the race."
Our thoughts

Fluid: Considering his very-high sweat rate and significant sweat sodium losses, and history of hyponatremia in races, Luke once again pushed himself to the limit at IRONMAN® Cairns where average temperatures reached ~24℃ / 75°F. Drinking ~6.2L (210oz) on the bike exceeded the typical recommendations for most athletes. However, Luke, who can lose over 1.5L (48oz) per hour of sweat and has prior experience consuming these higher volumes of fluid, felt this was sufficient and didn’t experience excessive urination, which suggests that this fluid intake was appropriate for him.

Electrolytes: The run leg was where Luke deviated from his previous hydration strategy. Instead of using pre-mixed flasks of PH 1500, he relied solely on Electrolyte Capsules. To support his high sweat sodium losses, Luke had four Electrolyte Capsules every other aid station (a total of 48 capsules!). This equates to ~12,000mg sodium and 6,000mg potassium. So, given that he drank less than he planned, this intake pushed the relative sodium concentration of his drinks above ~3000mg/L, rather than his intended ~2000mg/L. An hour into the run, Luke started to get a ‘tingling sensation’ in his extremities. The most likely explanation of this is the imbalance of electrolytes and his acid-base balance. Consuming such high concentrations of both sodium and potassium can cause the body to shift fluid from other areas, potentially leading to serious health issues. Considering he drank less fluid than he’d planned, Luke should have adapted and reduced his intake of Electrolyte Capsules to keep the relative sodium and potassium concentration to a more reasonable level; this is especially important for someone like Luke who is working with such high quantities to avoid issues to his health, as well as performance.

Caffeine

Beyond the Three Levers of Performance (carb, sodium and fluid), caffeine is one of only a few substances that is proven to improve performance for most endurance athletes as it can help stave off mental and physical fatigue.

Pre-caffeinated
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T - 0-4hrs: Had a final hit of caffeine
Caffeine per kg
Recommended 3-6mg/kg
~12.3
mg
Our thoughts

Luke’s very high caffeine intake on race day included three caffeine tablets, and two caffeine gels. Such a large dose of caffeine is most likely unnecessary as research suggests that consuming more than 6mg per kilogram of bodyweight provides no additional benefits. At such high doses, the potential negative side effects can outweigh the possible benefits. Reducing his caffeine intake to stay in line with the optimal range could help to minimise these risks while still maximising the potential benefits.

How Luke hit his numbers

Here's everything that Luke ate and drank on the day...

Luke's weapons of choice

Final thoughts

Luke's Satisfaction Rating
6
/10
I was a little too confident that I had everything dialled in, so I didn’t monitor things as closely during the race as I should have.
Luke
Luke had a tough run in Cairns after taking on very concentrated electrolyte quantities, a consequence of drinking less than intended and not being flexible with his planned sodium consumption alongside this. He pushed through issues on the run, to finish 8th in his age group. Going forward, Luke would benefit from being able to adjust his plan on the fly while being conscious of the quantities of fluid, sodium and carb he is taking on board. This is particularly important for an athlete like Luke, who needs to consume significant amounts of sodium and fluid during his races to adequately replace his extreme losses.
PF&H

Luke's full stats

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Overall
567g total carb
60g per hour
9,780ml total fluid
1,039ml per hour
25,746mg total sodium
2,734mg per hour
2,632mg
Sodium per litre
800mg total caffeine
12.3mg per kg
Bike and Run
Bike
Run

Data Confidence
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We rate each of our case studies from 1-5 based on the level of accuracy, and our confidence in the data.
1
2
3
4
5

There is an adequate level of accuracy in the data collected and the numbers reported. The athlete manages to recall what they ate and drank including most specifics (brands flavours quantities plausible estimations of volumes). However there are estimations made within the data which affect the overall confidence level in the data reported.

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